Wissenschaft und Waldbaden
Forschung über das Waldbaden
Waldbaden resp. längere Aufenthalte im Wald haben nachweisbar einen positiven Einfluss auf uns Menschen. Dies hat die Wissenschaft – v.a. aus dem ostasiatischen Raum – mehrfach belegt. In den letzten zehn Jahren haben Studien im Bereich der Waldmedizin bemerkenswerte Ergebnisse zur Wirksamkeit von Waldbaden geliefert:
Nachfolgend sind wissenschaftliche Studien in zeitlicher Reihenfolge aufgelistet, die den Nutzen und die positive Wirkung von Waldbaden belegen oder zumindest erhärten. Diese Liste der Forschung im Bereich der Waldmedizin ist nicht abschliessend. Laufend werden neue Studien publiziert. Auf der Datenbank der US National Library of Medicine (National Institutes of Health) sind unzählige wissenschaftliche Studien über Waldbaden (forest bathing, forest therapy) einsehbar.
Es gilt hier jedoch auch zu erwähnen, dass es Studien gibt, welche die Wirksamkeit von Waldbaden nicht bestätigen. Zum Beispiel die Studie von Morita et al., welche zeigt, dass es keinen Zusammenhang für das Vorherrschen von Bluthochdruck und der der Häufigkeit von Waldaufenthalten gibt. Aktuell ist dies jedoch eine klare Minderheit unter allen wissenschaftlichen Ergebnissen.
2024
- 240510 Halámek et al. (2024), Enhancing patient well-being in oncology waiting rooms: a pilot field experiment on the emotional impact of virtual forest therapy.
- 240409 Abookire et al. (2024), Supporting Wellness, Resilience, and Community With Forest Therapy.
- 240227 Vermeesch et al. (2024), Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing): A Scoping Review of the Global Research on the Effects of Spending Time in Nature.
- 240119 Catissi et al. (2024), Nature-Based Interventions Targeting Elderly People’s Health and Well-Being: An Evidence Map.
- 240117 Morrison et al. (2024), Evaluation of a Guided Nature and Forest Therapy Walk for Internal Medical Residents.
2023
- 231220 Keller et al. (2023), Forest Bathing Increases Adolescents‘ Mental Well-Being: A Mixed-Methods Study.
- 231125 Yeon et al. (2023), Effects of Mobile-Based Forest-Therapy Programs Using Urban Forests for Symptoms of Depressed Patients.
- 231107 Oomen-Welke et al. (2023), Spending time in the forest or the field: qualitative semi-structured interviews in a randomized controlled cross-over trial with highly sensitive persons.
- 230801 Siah et al. (2023), The effects of forest bathing on psychological well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- 230531 Sundermann et al. (2023), Nature As Medicine: The 7th (Unofficial) Pillar of Lifestyle Medicine.
2022
- 221104 Kavanaugh et al. (2022), Assessing the Impact of a Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) Intervention on Physician/Healthcare Professional Burnout: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.
- 220315 Tsao et al. (2022), Forest Bathing Is Better than Walking in Urban Park: Comparison of Cardiac and Vascular Function between Urban and Forest Parks.
- 221017 Piva et al. (2022), Effects of forest walking on physical and mental health in elderly populations: a systematic review.
- 220101 Li et al. (2022), Effects of forest bathing (shinrin-yoku) on serotonin in serum, depressive symptoms and subjective sleep quality in middle-aged males.
- 220101 Li et al. (2022), Effects of forest environment (Shinrin-yoku/Forest bathing) on health promotion and disease prevention -the Establishment of „Forest Medicine“.
2021
- 210310 Jones et al. (2021), Greenspace Interventions, Stress and Cortisol: A Scoping Review.
- 210211 Stier-Jarmer et al. (2021), The Psychological and Physical Effects of Forests on Human Health: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.
- 210203 Andersen et al. (2021), Nature Exposure and Its Effects on Immune System Functioning: A Systematic Review.
2020
- 201201 Kim & Jones (2020), The Interrelationship of Shinrin-Yoku and Spirituality: A Scoping Review.
- 201201 Tomko Olson et al. (2020), Mindfulness and Shinrin-Yoku: Potential for Physiological and Psychological Interventions during Uncertain Times.
- 200622 Ka-Yin Yau & Yuen Loke (2020), Effects of forest bathing on pre-hypertensive and hypertensive adults: a review of the literature.
- 200322 Kim et al. (2020), Therapeutic Potential of Volatile Terpenes and Terpenoids from Forests for Inflammatory Diseases.
- 200317 Zhiyong et al. (2020), Current Development Status of Forest Therapy in China.
2019
- 191201 Ye et al. (2019), Medical empirical research on forest bathing (Shinrin-yoku): a systematic review.
- 190901 Djernis et al. (2019), A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Nature-Based Mindfulness: Effects of Moving Mindfulness Training into an Outdoor Natural Setting.
- 190801 Antonelli et al. (2019), Effects of forest bathing (shinrin-yoku) on levels of cortisol as a stress biomarker: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- 190622 Furuyashiki et al. (2019), A comparative study of the physiological and psychological effects of forest bathing (Shinrin-yoku) on working age people with and without depressive tendencies.
- 190613 White et al. (2019), Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing.
- 190516 Corazon et al. (2019), Psycho-Physiological Stress Recovery in Outdoor Nature-Based Interventions: A Systematic Review of the Past Eight Years of Research.
- 190516 Farrow & Washburn (2019), A Review of Field Experiments on the Effect of Forest Bathing on Anxiety and Heart Rate Variability.
- 190404 Hunter et al. (2019), Urban Nature Experiences Reduce Stress in the Context of Daily Life Based on Salivary Biomarkers.
- 190115 Song et al. (2019), Effects of Walking in a Forest on Young Women.
2018
- 180327 Tsao et al. (2018), Health effects of a forest environment on natural killer cells in humans: an observational pilot study.
- 180211 Hassan et al. (2018), Effects of Walking in Bamboo Forest and City Environments on Brainwave Activity in Young Adults.
- 180201 Mao et al. (2018), Additive Benefits of Twice Forest Bathing Trips in Elderly Patients with Chronic Heart Failure.
- 180126 Song et al. (2018), Physiological Effects of Visual Stimulation with Forest Imagery.
2017
- 170817 Ideno et al. (2017), Blood pressure-lowering effect of Shinrin-yoku (Forest bathing): a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- 170809 Yu et al. (2017), Effects of Short Forest Bathing Program on Autonomic Nervous System Activity and Mood States in Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals.
- 170728 Hansen et al. (2017), Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) and Nature Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review.
- 170401 Cho et al. (2017), Terpenes from Forests and Human Health.
- 170331 Mao et al. (2017), The Salutary Influence of Forest Bathing on Elderly Patients with Chronic Heart Failure.
2016
- 160803 Song et al. (2016), Physiological Effects of Nature Therapy: A Review of the Research in Japan.
- 160714 Li et al. (2016), Effects of Forest Bathing on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Parameters in Middle-Aged Males.
- 160329 Poulsen et al. (2016), ‚Everything just seems much more right in nature‘: How veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder experience nature-based activities in a forest therapy garden.
- 160329 Jia et al. (2016), Health Effect of Forest Bathing Trip on Elderly Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
2015
- 151201 Ochiai et al. (2015), Physiological and Psychological Effects of a Forest Therapy Program on Middle-Aged Females.
- 151201 Kang et al. (2015), Relief of Chronic Posterior Neck Pain Depending on the Type of Forest Therapy: Comparison of the Therapeutic Effect of Forest Bathing Alone Versus Forest Bathing With Exercise.
- 151109 Song et al. (2015), Physiological and Psychological Effects of a Walk in Urban Parks in Fall.
- 150417 Song et al. (2015), Elucidation of a Physiological Adjustment Effect in a Forest Environment: A Pilot Study.
- 150302 Song et al. (2015), Effect of forest walking on autonomic nervous system activity in middle-aged hypertensive individuals: a pilot study.
- 150625 Joung et al. (2015), The Prefrontal Cortex Activity and Psychological Effects of Viewing Forest Landscapes in Autumn Season.
- 150225 Ochiai et al. (2015), Physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy on middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure.
- 150205 Lee et al. (2015), Acute Effects of Exposure to a Traditional Rural Environment on Urban Dwellers: A Crossover Field Study in Terraced Farmland.
2014
- 140715 Takayama et al. (2014), Emotional, restorative and vitalizing effects of forest and urban environments at four sites in Japan.
- 140501 Song et al. (2014), Physiological and psychological responses of young males during spring-time walks in urban parks.
- 140101 Ikei et al. (2014), Physiological and psychological effects of viewing forest landscapes in a seated position in one-day forest therapy experimental model.
- 140101 Lee et al. (2014), Influence of forest therapy on cardiovascular relaxation in young adults.
- 140101 Park et al. (2014), Physiological and psychological effects of walking in stay-in forest therapy.
- 140101 Miyazaki et al. (2014), Forest medicine research in Japan.
- 140101 Li & Kawada (2014), Possibility of clinical applications of forest medicine.
2013
- 131029 Song et al. (2013), Physiological and psychological effects of walking on young males in urban parks in winter.
- 130101 Park et al. (2013), Effect of the forest environment on physiological relaxation using the results of field tests at 35 sites throughout Japan.
- 130101 Ohtsuka (2013), Effect of the forest environment on blood glucose.
2012
- 121201 Mao et al. (2012), Therapeutic effect of forest bathing on human hypertension in the elderly.
- 120625 Mao et al. (2012), Effects of short-term forest bathing on human health in a broad-leaved evergreen forest in Zhejiang Province, China.
2011
- 110901 Lee et al. (2011), Physiological benefits of forest environment: based on field research at 4 sites.
- 110901 Tsunetsugu et al. (2011), Psychological relaxation effect of forest therapy: results of field experiments in 19 forests in Japan involving 228 participants.
- 110901 Morita et al. (2011), No association between the frequency of forest walking and blood pressure levels or the prevalence of hypertension in a cross-sectional study of a Japanese population.
- 110323 Li et al. (2011), Acute effects of walking in forest environments on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters.
- 110201 Lee et al. (2011), Effect of forest bathing on physiological and psychological responses in young Japanese male subjects.
2010
- 100601 Li et al. (2010), A day trip to a forest park increases human natural killer activity and the expression of anti-cancer proteins in male subjects.
- 100115 Li (2010), Effect of forest bathing trips on human immune function.
- 100115 Park et al. (2010), The physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing): evidence from field experiments in 24 forests across Japan.
- 100101 Tsunetsugu et al. (2010), Trends in research related to „Shinrin-yoku“ (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing) in Japan.
2009
- 091222 Li et al. (2009), Effect of phytoncide from trees on human natural killer cell function.
2008
- 081008 Li et al. (2008), Phytoncides (Wood Essential Oils) Induce Human Natural Killer Cell Activity.
- 080401 Li et al. (2008), Relationships Between Percentage of Forest Coverage and Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR) of Cancers in all Prefectures in Japan.
- 080301 Li et al. (2008), A forest bathing trip increases human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins in female subjects.
- 080301 Li et al. (2008), Visiting a forest, but not a city, increases human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins.
2007
- 20070620 Li et al. (2007), Forest bathing enhances human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins.
- 070326 Tsunetsugu et al. (2007), Physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the atmosphere of the forest) in an old-growth broadleaf forest in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan.
- 070326 Park et al. (2007), Physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the atmosphere of the forest)–using salivary cortisol and cerebral activity as indicators.
- 070101 Morita et al. (2007), Psychological effects of forest environments on healthy adults: Shinrin-yoku (forest-air bathing, walking) as a possible method of stress reduction.
2006
- 060301 Yamaguchi et al. (2006), The effects of exercise in forest and urban environments on sympathetic nervous activity of normal young adults.
- 060228 Li et al. (2006), Phytoncides (wood essential oils) induce human natural killer cell activity.
1998
- 980201 Ohtsuka et al. (1998), Shinrin-yoku (forest-air bathing and walking) effectively decreases blood glucose levels in diabetic patients.
1984
- 840427 Ulrich (1984), View through a window may influence recovery from surgery.
Nachfolgend sind weitere interessante Punkte aus dem BZ-Zeitungsartikel «Dr. med. Wald» von Stefan Aerni aus dem Jahre 2015 zitiert:
- Wenn in der Rehaclinic Bad Zurzach die Ärzte nicht mehr weiterwissen, kann es vorkommen, dass sie einen Patienten in den Garten schicken. Dort soll er, umgeben von Bäumen und Pflanzen, leichter gesunden. (…) Die Rehaclinic im aargauischen Bad Zurzach, spezialisiert auf die Rehabilitation und Prävention körperlicher und psychischer Krankheiten, ist die erste Klinik in der Schweiz, die bei ihren Therapien auch auf die Heilkraft der Natur setzt. Seit 2007 hat sie auf ihrem Areal einen 4500 Quadratmeter grossen Therapie- und Erlebnisgarten für die Patienten eingerichtet – ein Projekt, das wissenschaftlich begleitet wird. «Unsere Erfahrungen sind bisher sehr gut», sagt Chefarzt André Aeschlimann.
- Was hierzulande noch in den Anfängen steckt, ist im Ausland bereits etabliert. In Deutschland zum Beispiel arbeiten die privaten Helios-Kliniken mit Therapiegärten. Und in Österreich bietet das Wiener Krankenhaus Lainz diese Therapieform schon seit fünfzehn Jahren an.
- Dass Bäume und Pflanzen einen positiven Einfluss haben auf das Wohlbefinden der Menschen, wird schon lange vermutet. Bereits in den 1980er-Jahren erschien in der Wissenschaftszeitschrift «Science» eine Studienreihe unter Federführung des schwedischen Psychologen und Architekten Roger S. Ulrich: Darin konnte er nachweisen, dass Patienten weniger Schmerzmittel benötigten und schneller gesund wurden, wenn sie vom Spitalbett aus Bäume, Blumen und Grünpflanzen betrachten konnten, als wenn sie – wie die Vergleichsgruppe – bloss an eine öde Hauswand starren konnten.
- Vor allem in Japan, wo die Waldmedizin mittlerweile anerkannt ist und staatlich gefördert wird, wird intensiv geforscht. Dort haben Wissenschaftler der Nippon Medical School in Tokio herausgefunden, dass es in waldreichen Regionen weniger Krebsfälle gibt als in Städten und Agglomerationen.
- Diese Terpene, die das Immunsystem stärken und vermutlich krebshemmend sind, dürften auch auf den Menschen wirken. Denn, so begründen die Wissenschaftler, der Mensch habe ja die längste Zeit seiner Entwicklungsgeschichte quasi in Symbiose mit den Bäumen und Pflanzen gelebt.
Mehr Lesestoff in Kurzform zu Wissenschaft und Waldbaden ist auf unserem Blog zu finden. Wir freuen uns auf Anregungen oder Hinweise zu neuen wissenschaftlichen Entdeckungen!